1,319 research outputs found

    Comprehensive characterization of microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract of quails and two high yielding laying hen breeds

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    The microbiomes composition in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is subject to several changes and influences. In addition to breed, sex, or diet, age affects the GIT microbiome dynamics of laying hens and quails. From the first day, the microbiome develops and increases its bacterial load to thousands of species. Then, depending on the diet fed, the animals microbiome and associated active bacteria vary and directly influence the animals nutrient uptake and efficiency. Omics technologies give insights into changes in microbes in the GIT (crop, gizzard, duodenum, ileum, caeca). In addition, they can reveal how feed supplements such as calcium (Ca) or phosphorus (P) can affect host health and performance through alterations in the microbiome. The Japanese quail has been an established animal model for nutritional and biological studies in poultry for the last 60 years. In particular, its short development time makes it a convenient model for microbiome research. However, compared to broiler microbiome research, the quail microbiome is still poorly understood. Animals of the breed Coturnix japonica were housed under the same conditions, fed a diet with P below recommendation, and the ileum microbiota characterized. Microbiota relations with gender and higher or lower predisposition of the birds for PU, CaU, FI, BWG, and FC were described (Chapter II). In addition, these performance parameters influenced the relative average abundance of bacteria like Candidatus Arthromitus, Bacillus, and Leuconostoc. Gender affects specific bacterial groups of the GIT, such as Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Escherichia, and Clostridium, which differ in average abundance between male and female quails. Despite the comprehensive microbiota analysis, the interplay between animal genetics, diet, sex, and microbiome functionality is not yet understood. The laying hen breeds Lohmann LSL-Classic and Lohmann Brown-Classic are used worldwide. Little is known about the interaction with microbiome composition, performance, dietary effects, and changes during the productive life that might help develop feeding strategies and microbiome responses on a large scale. Because of the importance of P and Ca in poultry diet, the research in Chapter III was conducted to challenge laying hens with reduced dietary P and Ca and describe the effect on GIT active microbiota. The breed was the primary driver of microbial differences. A core microbiome of active bacteria, present along the complete GIT, was revealed for the first time and consisted of five bacteria detected in 97% of all samples, including digesta and mucosa samples (uncl. Lactobacillus, Megamonas funiformis, Ligilactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus helveticus, uncl. Fuscatenibacter). Furthermore, significant microbial differences between the GIT sections and between the breeds were described. Minor dietary effects of the P and Ca reduction on the microbiota showed that a further decrease in Ca and P supplementation might be possible without affecting the gut microbial composition and bird performance. Furthermore, the microbiome of laying hens was characterized at five productive stages (weeks 10, 16, 24, 30, and 60) to analyze the age effect on the GIT microbiome (Chapter IV). Although the two breeds of laying hens were offered the same diet and housed under similar conditions, the active microbiota composition changed between the analyzed productive stages, the breed and the GIT sections. The major shift occurred between weeks 16 and 24 and supported the hypothesis of bacterial fluctuations due to the onset of the laying period. Those changes occurred mainly in the abundance of the genera Lactobacillus and Ligilactobacillus. However, it remains unclear whether the dietary changes, due to the development of the birds, influenced the microbiota shifts or if the anatomical and physiological modifications influenced the GIT microbiota. Furthermore, the shotgun metagenomic analysis revealed differences in regulatory functions and pathways between breeds, sections, and the two production stages. Different relative abundance levels of the microbial composition were observed between the RNA-based targeted sequencing and the DNA-based shotgun metagenomics. In conclusion, the comprehensive characterization of the microbiota in the GIT of quails and two high-yielding breeds of laying hens contributes to a broader knowledge of the microbiome dynamics within the fowl GIT. Age and breed play a more important role than diet in influencing the dynamics of microbial composition in laying hens, and individual performance and sex in quails. Research characterizing the microbiome in poultry and its effect on diet and host genetics will help improve feeding and breeding strategies in the future and reduce excretion of nutrients into the environment while ensuring overall animal health.Die Zusammensetzung des Mikrobioms im Gastrointestinaltrakt (GIT) unterliegt verschiedenen VerĂ€nderungen und EinflĂŒssen. Neben Rasse, Linie, Geschlecht oder ErnĂ€hrung wirkt sich auch das Alter auf die Dynamik des GIT-Mikrobioms von Legehennen und Wachteln aus. Vom ersten Tag an entwickelt sich das Mikrobiom und erhöht seine bakterielle Besiedelung auf Tausende von Arten. Desweiteren variiert das Mikrobiom des Tieres und die damit verbundenen aktiven Bakterien je nach der gefĂŒtterten Nahrung und beeinflussen direkt die NĂ€hrstoffaufnahme und Effizienz des Tieres. Omics-Technologien geben Aufschluss ĂŒber VerĂ€nderungen der Mikroben im GIT. DarĂŒber hinaus können sie aufzeigen, wie sich FutterzusĂ€tze wie Kalzium (Ca) oder Phosphor (P) durch VerĂ€nderungen im Mikrobiom auf die Gesundheit und Leistung des Wirts auswirken können. Die japanische Wachtel ist seit 60 Jahren ein etabliertes Modelltier fĂŒr ernĂ€hrungswissenschaftliche und biologische Studien an GeflĂŒgel. Im Vergleich zur Mikrobiomforschung bei MasthĂ€hnchen ist das Mikrobiom der Wachtel jedoch wenig erforscht. Daher wurde die Microbiota des Ileums von Tieren der Rasse Coturnix japonica, welche unter identischen Bedingungen gehalten wurden, charakterisiert, wobei der Phosphorgehalt unter der allgemeinen Empfehlung lag. Es wurden Beziehungen zwischen der GIT Mikrobiota und dem Geschlecht sowie einer höheren oder niedrigeren PrĂ€disposition der Tiere fĂŒr P -verwertung, Ca -verwertung, Futteraufnahme, Körpergewichtszunahme und Futterverwertung beschrieben. DarĂŒber hinaus beeinflussten diese Leistungsparameter die relative durchschnittliche Abundanz von Bakterien wie Candidatus Arthromitus, Bacillus und Leuconostoc. Das Geschlecht wirkt sich auf Bakterien des GIT aus, wie z. B. Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Escherichia und Clostridium, die sich in ihrer durchschnittlichen Abundanz zwischen mĂ€nnlichen und weiblichen Wachteln unterscheiden. Trotz der umfassenden Mikrobiota-Analyse ist das Zusammenspiel zwischen Tiergenetik, ErnĂ€hrung, Geschlecht und Mikrobiom-FunktionalitĂ€t noch nicht verstanden. Die Legehennenlinien Lohmann LSL-Classic und Lohmann Brown-Classic werden weltweit eingesetzt. Über die Wechselwirkung zwischen der Zusammensetzung des Mikrobioms, der Leistung, den Auswirkungen der ErnĂ€hrung und den VerĂ€nderungen wĂ€hrend der produktiven Lebensabschnitte, die zur Entwicklung von FĂŒtterungsstrategien und Reaktionen des Mikrobioms in großem Maßstab beitragen könnten, ist wenig bekannt. Aufgrund der Bedeutung von P und Ca in der GeflĂŒgelernĂ€hrung wurden Untersuchungen durchgefĂŒhrt, um Legehennen mit reduziertem P und Ca zu fĂŒttern und die Auswirkungen auf die aktive Mikrobiota im GIT zu beschreiben. Die Linie war der Hauptfaktor fĂŒr die mikrobiellen Unterschiede. Ein Kernmikrobiom aktiver Bakterien, das entlang des gesamten GIT vorhanden ist, wurde zum ersten Mal aufgedeckt und bestand aus 5 Bakterien, die in 97% aller Proben, nachgewiesen wurden (uncl. Lactobacillus, Megamonas funiformis, Ligilactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus helveticus, uncl. Fuscatenibacter). Außerdem wurden signifikante mikrobielle Unterschiede zwischen den GIT-Abschnitten und zwischen den Linien beschrieben. GeringfĂŒgige diĂ€tetische Auswirkungen der P- und Ca-Reduzierung auf die Mikrobiota zeigten, dass eine weitere Verringerung der Ca- und P-Supplementierung möglich sein könnte. DarĂŒber hinaus wurde das Mikrobiom von Legehennen in fĂŒnf ProduktivitĂ€tsstadien (10, 16, 24, 30 und 60 Wochen) charakterisiert, um den Alterseffekt auf das GIT-Mikrobiom zu analysieren. Obwohl die beiden Legehennenlinien das gleiche Futter erhielten und unter Ă€hnlichen Bedingungen gehalten wurden, Ă€nderte sich die Zusammensetzung der aktiven Mikrobiota zwischen den untersuchten Produktionsstadien, der Linen und den GIT-Abschnitten. Die grĂ¶ĂŸte Verschiebung fand zwischen der 16. und 24. Woche statt und unterstĂŒtzte die Hypothese der bakteriellen Fluktuationen aufgrund des Beginns der Legeperiode. Diese VerĂ€nderungen betrafen vor allem die HĂ€ufigkeit der Gattungen Lactobacillus und Ligilactobacillus. Es bleibt jedoch unklar, ob die VerĂ€nderungen in der ErnĂ€hrung aufgrund der Entwicklung der Vögel die Verschiebungen in der Mikrobiota beeinflusst haben oder ob die anatomischen und physiologischen VerĂ€nderungen die GIT-Mikrobiota beeinflusst haben. DarĂŒber hinaus ergab die Shotgun-Metagenomanalyse hierbei Unterschiede in den Regulationsfunktionen und -Metabolismuswegen wie auch unterschiedliche relative HĂ€ufigkeiten der mikrobiellen Zusammensetzung zwischen RNA und DNA Extraktion. Die umfassende Charakterisierung der Mikrobiota im GIT von Wachteln und zwei Hochleistungslinien von Legehennen trĂ€gt zu einem breiteren Wissen ĂŒber die Dynamik des Mikrobioms im GIT von GeflĂŒgel bei. Alter und Linie spielen eine wichtigere Rolle als die ErnĂ€hrung, wenn es darum geht, die Dynamik der mikrobiellen Zusammensetzung bei Legehennen und die individuelle Leistung und das Geschlecht bei Wachteln zu beeinflussen

    Zur EinfĂŒhrung

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    Nach wie vor findet Eduard Mörike (1804-1875) nicht die Aufmerksamkeit, die ihm eigentlich zukĂ€me - wohl auch, weil er sich nicht leicht den großen Tendenzen des 19. Jahrhunderts zuordnen lĂ€ĂŸt: Er ist kein Intellektueller wie Heine. Er mischt sich nicht in die großen politischen Debatten ein. Er thematisiert nicht die wirtschaftlichen und sozialen UmwĂ€lzungen. Er begehrt nicht gegen die Dominanz der deutschen Klassik auf; er ist kein DenkmalstĂŒrzer. Das NebensĂ€chliche bekommt bei ihm besondere Bedeutung; es wird in einen Ă€sthetischen Reflexionsprozeß hineingezogen, der mit lebensweltlichen Konkretisierungen einhergeht, so daß sich 'Ästhetik' und 'Geselligkeit' gegenseitig hervorbringen und spiegeln

    Parallele und kooperative Simulation fĂŒr eingebettete Multiprozessorsysteme

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    Die Entwicklung von eingebetteten Systemen wird durch die stetig steigende Anzahl und Integrationsdichte neuer Funktionen in Kombination mit einem erhöhten Interaktionsgrad zunehmend zur Herausforderung. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden in dieser Arbeit Methoden zur SystemC-basierten parallelen Simulation von Multiprozessorsystemen auf Manycore Architekturen sowie zur Verbesserung der InteroperabilitÀt zwischen heterogenen Simulationswerkzeugen entwickelt, experimentell untersucht und bewertet

    Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapies for depression. The evidence base.

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    David Taylor, a consultant psychotherapist at the Tavistock & Portman NHS Foundation Trust (120 Belsize Lane, London NW3 5BA, UK. Email: [email protected]), is the clinical lead of the Tavistock Adult Depression Study (a randomised controlled trial of 60 sessions of weekly psychoanalytic psychotherapy v. treatment as usual for patients with chronic, refractory depression). He is a training and supervising psychoanalyst at the Institute of Psychoanalysis. This article argues that the current approach to guideline development for the treatment of depression is not supported by the evidence: clearly depression is not a disease for which treatment efficacy is best determined by short-term randomised controlled trials. As a result, important findings have been marginalised. Different principles of evidence-gathering are described. When a wider range of the available evidence is critically considered the case for dynamic approaches to the treatment of depression can be seen to be stronger than is often thought. Broadly, the benefits of short-term psychodynamic therapies are equivalent in size to the effects of antidepressants and cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT). The benefits of CBT may occur more quickly, but those of short-term psychodynamic therapies may continue to increase after treatment. There may be a ceiling on the effects of short-term treatments of whatever type. Longer-term psychodynamic treatments may improve associated social, work and personal dysfunctions as well as reductions in depressive symptoms

    Anyone up for helping the Fisherman's wife? More solidarity with accidental misery than with man-made misery

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    We examine the willingness to donate depending on whether “misery” is random generated or self-inflicted by too high demands in bilateral negotiations. We find that randomness has a positive influence on the total amount of donation. In case of self-inflicted “misery” we observe that the subject who may have caused the unfavourable situation receives significantly less than the perceived innocent subject.altruism, bargaining experiment

    Importance of Fuel Cell Tests for Stability Assessment - Suitability of Titanium Diboride as an Alternative Support Material

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    Carbon corrosion is a severe issue limiting the long-term stability of carbon- supported catalysts, in particular in the highly dynamic conditions of automotive applications. (Doped) oxides have been discussed as suitable alternatives to replace carbon, but often suffer from poor electron conductivity. That is why non-oxide ceramics, such as tungsten carbide and titanium nitride, have been discussed recently. Titanium diboride has also been proposed, due to its promising activity and stability in an aqueous electrochemical cell. In this work, Pt nanoparticles were deposited onto ÎŒm- sized TiB2 particles with improved grain size, manufactured into porous gas diffusion electrodes and tested in a realistic polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell environment. In contrast to the model studies in an aqueous electrochemical cell, in the presence of oxygen and high potentials at the cathode side of a real fuel cell, TiB2 becomes rapidly oxidized as indicated by intensely colored regions in the membrane-electrode assembly (MEA). Moreover, already the electrode manufacturing process led to the formation of titanium oxides, as shown by X-ray diffraction measurements. This demonstrates that Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) measurements in an aqueous electrochemical cell are not sufficient to prove stability of novel materials for fuel cell applications

    A Simulation Tool Chain for Investigating Future V2X-based Automotive E/E Architectures

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    Due to the evermore rising number of functions, current E/E architectures are more and more a vulnerable source for faults and a barrier to innovation. This situation is aggravated by the integration of new technologies like Vehicle-to-X Communication (V2XC) which form the basis for a large number of future services and applications. At the same time, this “opening” of the E/E architecture to the outside world increases potential for non-deterministic disturbances. In order to overcome the limitations of current E/E architectures, application of new design principles and methodologies is necessary. Platform-based design (PBD) is a promising solution for the development of safety-critical functions, to increase reliability and to reduce development cost. Within this context, we propose a novel extensible tool chain that targets the facilitation of exploration, validation and verification of future V2X-based automotive E/E architectures. The tool chain supports composition of heterogeneous domain-specific models by integrating a heterogeneous modeling tool with a simulation middleware and serves as starting point for the investigation of PBD concepts in the V2X context. We believe that the tool chain can support modeling and validation of future V2X-based E/E architectures. In the final paper, we will evaluate the proposed approach by means of a case study regarding validation capabilities as well as execution performance

    Characterization of neutralizing epitopes within the major capsid protein of human papillomavirus type 33

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    BACKGROUND: Infections with papillomaviruses induce type-specific immune responses, mainly directed against the major capsid protein, L1. Based on the propensity of the L1 protein to self-assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs), type-specific vaccines have already been developed. In order to generate vaccines that target a broader spectrum of HPV types, extended knowledge of neutralizing epitopes is required. Despite the association of human papillomavirus type 33 (HPV33) with cervical carcinomas, fine mapping of neutralizing conformational epitopes on HPV33 has not been reported yet. By loop swapping between HPV33 and HPV16 capsid proteins, we have identified amino acid sequences critical for the binding of conformation-dependent type-specific neutralizing antibodies to surface-exposed hyper variable loops of HPV33 capsid protein L1. RESULTS: Reactivities of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) H33.B6, H33.E12, H33.J3 and H16.56E with HPV16:33 and HPV33:16 hybrid L1 VLPs revealed the complex structures of their conformational epitopes as well as the major residues contributing to their binding sites. Whereas the epitope of mAb H33.J3 was determined by amino acids (aa) 51–58 in the BC loop of HPV33 L1, sequences of at least two hyper variable loops, DE (aa 132–140) and FGb (aa 282–291), were found to be essential for binding of H33.B6. The epitope of H33.E12 was even more complex, requiring sequences of the FGa loop (aa 260–270), in addition to loops DE and FGb. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate that neutralizing epitopes in HPV33 L1 are mainly located on the tip of the capsomere and that several hyper variable loops contribute to form these conformational epitopes. Knowledge of the antigenic structure of HPV is crucial for designing hybrid particles as a basis for intertypic HPV vaccines
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